Ten years ago in May 2013, around the time when vaping changed gears in the USA from a fringe to a mainstream activity, the body representing US chemical companies which make and extract flavours for foods and beverages, the Flavoring and Extracts Manufacturing Association (FEMA) published and publicised its position on flavours in vaping products. Here was an industry that stood to earn billions by having a massive new door of opportunities open if flavours in vapes were ever to be given a green light by regulators.

But rather than embrace flavours in vapes, FEMA did not mince words. It stated that anyone representing or suggesting that inhaling vapourised flavours was safe was engaging in false and misleading conduct. Unambiguously, FEMA said it “does not support the use of flavors in vaping products” despite these chemicals often having been assessed as “generally recognised as safe (GRAS)” for ingestion in foods.

In March 2020, FEMA revised and reiterated its statement, which remains in place today

It is difficult to overstate the significance of FEMA’s long-standing position. This is an industry whose sole revenue lies in developing and refining flavours that make food and drinks more palatable and appealing, differentiating identical products by adding flavouring associations that evoke whole new vistas of gustatory experience. Opening the door to vapes could have been like opening the doors to whole new holy grail.

How are flavouring chemicals used in different product groups?

With so much at stake if a flavouring chemical compound was found to be toxic when consumed in food or drink, FEMA has for years put 10,000 watt arc lights on the importance and credibility of its scientific assessments. A food producer hoping to tinker with experimental flavouring chemistry and simply put it out there for sale would collide with massive regulatory walls in all but chaotic, impoverished nations with perfunctory food standards.

 As it should, the US Food and Drug Administration has taken a similar position with vaping chemicals.  By mid 2021, the US FDA had issued Marketing Denial Orders for some 55,000 flavoured vaping products.

Everyone eats. And with the possible exception of small groups like tribespeople deep in Andaman Island jungles, everyone eats at least some (and usually lots) of commercially processed foods.  So food flavourers have a massive sandpit in which to play.

But it is not difficult to imagine boardroom or greenfields thought experiments at flavouring company retreats where imaginations were let off the leash and ways of expanding the use of flavourants encouraged.

There are five routes where commerce has found its way into our bodies with chemicals: swallowing by mouth, inhaling into lungs, injectable medicines , topical medicines absorbed through the skin and rectal insertion. With the rectum lacking taste buds, flavoured suppositories would be stillborn in any brainstorm. Equally, there’d be no point in flavouring injectables or topicals  for any market advantage. Swallowing across taste buds, of course, has long been the flavouring industry’s bread and butter. So what about inhaling?

Here we have the air freshening industry where combusted incense is the outlier unhealthy bad boy when it comes to respiratory impacts. Air fresheners including the increasingly popular use of essential oils add to indoor air pollution. Insect repellent sprays are also often inadvertently inhaled, but are generally regarded as safe when used as directed.

But two other very common product groups are inhaled: some medicines and tobacco and inhalable nicotine products. 

Inhalable flavoured medicines?

Far and away the most commonly inhaled therapeutic medicine are the puffers used by people with asthma.  In Australia in 2020-21, in a population 25.77 million,  2.7 million people had asthma – one in 10.65 people – with one in three using asthma medication daily.

Everyone diagnosed with asthma is advised to always carry an inhaler which come in two broad types: relievers and preventers. The main ingredient in relievers is the bronchodilator, salbutamol (also known as albuterol). The most common adverse reactions to using this drug are taste alteration (bad, unpleasant and unusual taste).

So with one in 10.7 Australians living with asthma, and one in three of these using salbutamol daily, and unpleasant taste being the most commonly reported adverse side effect it would be understandable if these inhalers came with flavourings, perhaps causing adherence to recommended use to increase, particularly among children with their aversions to taking medicines.

So why is it that there is not a conga line of pharmaceutical company applicants banging on the doors of the world’s therapeutic goods regulation agencies begging to be allowed to add flavourings to asthma puffers? The answer here reflects FEMA’s position I described above: there is no acceptably safe way of inhaling flavour chemicals into your lungs every day. Or as in the case of vaping, many, many times a day. So salbutamol pharmaceutical companies don’t bother applying and neither do companies selling vaping products. The latter think they are too important to suffer the indignity of regulation rejection, so they just don’t apply.

How many times a year do vapers baste their lungs?

If you have ever been near someone vaping, you may have formed the impression that they pull vapour into their lungs an awful lot. Your impressions are not wrong. This has been studied using different methods. Here are three examples.

This early (2016) study using a device for recording cigarette puffing topography found vapers taking an average of 32 puffs across 10 minute observation periods. Two studies have used ad libitum observations (where subjects are asked to vape in the way they felt like doing). In one (2016), researchers observed vapers using their normal vaping equipment ad libitum for 90 minutes. They reported the median number of puffs taken over 90 mins was 71 (i.e. 0.78 puffs per minute or 47.3 per hour). Another (from 2023) found those using pod vapes took an average of 71.9 puffs across 90 minutes, almost identical to the 2016 study number.

But of course vapers do not vape across only one continuous 90 minute period each day. No studies appear to have calculated average 24 hour vape puff counts. But if we (conservatively?) assume 8 hours of sleep and four waking hours of no vaping, then a person vaping for 12 hours a day at this 47.3 puffs per hour rate, would pull 568 puffs across a 12 hour day deep into their lungs, 207,462 times in a year and 2.075 million times across 10 years.

By comparison, the average number of cigarettes smoked per day by Australian daily smokers is 10.7. Unobtrusive observations of smokers smoking in outdoor leisure settings (beer gardens, parks) show the average smoker inhales 8.7 times per cigarette. This suggests the average smoker inhales 93 times a day, about 34,000 times a year and 340,000 times across a decade.

Daily vapers thus inhale on average at just over 6 times the rate that daily smokers inhale. This is an almost frantic rate.

Most studies which have reported on puff topography have focussed on comparing nicotine intake between smokers and vapers, with interest on the way in which people titrate their use of nicotine delivery devices to obtain blood nicotine levels that satisfy their craving. Most studies conclude that cigarettes deliver the most nicotine and from this, researchers conclude that the much higher puff frequency rates with vapes are explained in this way.

While vaping promoters have sought to whitewash nicotine as being almost vitamin-like in its virtues and all-but-benign risk profile, nicotine is obviously a critical component in assessing the net risks of both smoking and  vaping with a recent report in Nature on the mass population exposure to nicotine via vaping concluding:

“This continuing population experiment, combined with a growing number of cell and animal studies, could begin to dissipate the fog surrounding nicotine’s impact on health. “I’ve been more and more surprised at the changes I’m seeing when I expose cells to nicotine,” says Crotty Alexander. “We’ve underplayed the role that nicotine has in the health effects of tobacco products.”

Put simply, there has never been any precedent for the mass exposure of hundreds of millions of people – dominated by 15-30 year olds – to the galactic frequency of point-blank lung bastings of the chemical cocktail that is vapourised nicotine, thousands of unregulated flavouring chemicals, propylene glycol and metal particles sloughed from heated metal coils in vapes.   But thank goodness we have the 3 person Australian Tobacco Harm Reduction Association around to assure us that there is just nothing at all to worry about here.

With the average age of diagnosis of asbestos-caused mesothelioma in Australia being 77 and that for lung cancer being 71, latency periods for chronic diseases like cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases take decades to reveal their bitter harvests. Taunts from vaping promoters that “there has never been a documented death from vaping” have all the scientific weight of  an asbestos industry spokesperson in the 1940s saying “there have been no asbestos deaths” (Asbestos was mined in Australia from the 1930s before Australia finally started regulating asbestos products in the late 1970s). The wave of nicotine addiction we are seeing in young people today will reveal any consequences in the decades to come, not in a few years time.

The Australian government’s 2023 decision to outlaw all vapes unless dispensed via prescription at a pharmacy will involve the outlawing all but a very limited  range of flavours. There is growing momentum for this to happen in other nations like New Zealand, the UK and Canada experiencing the same growth in youth vaping.

Study after study has confirmed a recent bullet-paced entry into the infamous “no shit Sherlock!” archive, that flavours are a major reason that children are attracted to vaping. Who could have ever guessed!

Vaping advocates shoot back that adults like flavours too, and that their widespread availability must never be impaired. Out of the other side of their mouths we then hear their pious concerns that children simply should not vape. You see, the health consequences of vaping apparently only occur in people under 18 years old, and magically stop when they turn 18 and 1 day.  Their ghoulish indifference for the collateral roadkill preparation they are helping foment is beyond contempt.

Some months ago, 89 year old Susan died alone in her Sydney nursing home at 1.30am. Susan had been living there for 13 years and had moved into the room next to my wife Trish’s mother Mollie a few days after Mollie’s husband Alf had died.

In nursing homes, couples are often housed in separate rooms as most rooms are big enough for only one person. So Alf slept in the room next to Mollie, and during the day they watched television together, sat in the garden on warm days and visited their children’s houses on weekends. They both loved the Balmain Tigers. They were inseparable and Mollie was bereft when her husband of over 50 years died.

Susan and Mollie rapidly soon became best friends, with Mollie telling her three daughters that Alf had sent an angel in Susan to take his place.

When Mollie died in 2014, Trish and her sisters regularly visited Susan. When she was still mobile, they’d go to a local café for lunch. They bought her an iPad and taught her to use it. Across the last six years, they were like the daughters she’d never had. I made her compilation music CDs from musicals and the 50s, which she played constantly.

Susan had only one other visitor, Enid, a woman of her age with whose family she had been unofficially fostered as a child. She was her next-of-kin. As she became more fragile with age, Susan became unable to leave the nursing home because of her greatly impaired mobility. She effectively was alone except for the weekly visits from Mollie’s daughters and less often, from Enid. Then COVID put an end to that for nearly two years.

As COVID restrictions relaxed, permission to visit again was given. Susan had aged a lot, her breathing was laboured and she was unable to move much at all without a frame. She ate like a sparrow and often talked about how there was nothing left for her to look forward to in life. More than once, she spoke about being “ready to go over the cliff”. Trish made her comfortable, held her hand and showed her photographs of our kids and grandkids.

About four weeks before she died, she was taken to a large Sydney hospital after frequent seizures. Oh mercy, this looks like it, Trish said, going in seven times before Susan finally died. Trish and Enid had daily calls and visited Susan twice together. Enid would interpret the slightest movement or sound as a good sign that Susan was perhaps recovering.

Susan soon became semi-conscious for days, fitting frequently as she sank neurologically, and being fed through a tube. Trish told Enid that Susan had often spoken of wanting to die. “I’m sure she would not have wanted to be artificially kept going, unconscious like this” she ventured a few times.

One day about two weeks in, Trish went to the hospital and the unconscious Susan was being was being washed by nurses. “She was like a skeleton. Murmuring incoherently, unable to speak. She’s like the living dead, and she’s still being fed. Why can’t they do something? She’s dying. The doctors and nurses have said this repeatedly!”

One day, a doctor visited while Enid was with Trish. Trish seized the moment and asked the doctor questions in front of Enid, knowing what they answers would be. “If Susan gets through this, is it likely she will be able to feed and dress herself? Will she be able to speak? Will she be able to get herself out of bed to the toilet? Will she be able to turn over easily in bed by herself?” The doctor said no to all of these.

Enid told Trish after the conversation “Susan will go when Susan chooses to go”.

A week before she died, Susan briefly regained consciousness. Trish went in to say goodbye. She could recognise her and tried to say “how are you”. With barely any energy left, she tried through tears to pull the tubes from her arms and the oxygen tube from her nose. She managed to say “get me out of here … home”.

She went back to the nursing home. Trish went to see her again. Susan again removed her oxygen line, and said “Am I dead?”

We talked every night about what to do. Not having next-of-kin status, despite being a frequent visitor and comforter, Trish had no legal standing in how she should be looked after in hospital. Susan couldn’t speak for herself, and Trish sensed very strongly that Enid, a Roman Catholic like Susan, was avoiding any talk about end of life.

Preparing an advanced directive was not something that Susan would probably been ever aware of. Trish sensed strongly that Enid was entirely uncomfortable about any discussion of what directions she might give the hospital and nursing home staff about end-of-life matters like sedation or withdrawing feeding. She may have felt this would have been profane and against her church’s doctrine.

Trish, with no legal status, was powerless to be an advocate for her interests. So Susan lived on for weeks when she expressed that she desperately to die.

I’ve no doubt that tonight, and every night  across Australia there are dozens of elderly and dying people like Susan who have not lived in company with friends and relatives who actively encourage discussion about advance directives, let alone voluntary assisted dying. Many have few if any visitors.  They are alone with no one speaking up for them. Only 14% of Australians have prepared advanced directives.

As the population ages, it is terribly important that a major awareness campaign be launched designed to inform people in their sentient final years about what their end-of-life options are. Any humane and compassionate society owes this to those who are alone and unsupported or who are under the legal governance of people who would just rather not talk about any of this.

You can read about and download advanced care directives here.

• Susan and Enid are pseudonyms

[uopdated 17 May, 2025]

Our clock radio wakes us a few minutes before the 6am ABC bulletin. On Saturday, a guest of  the anglers’ program The Big Fish, was waxing lyrical about a catch where he described the length of a monster in centimetres but the weight in pounds. How bizarre is this I thought, and took to the wisdom of the internet to get other examples of imperial measure holdouts.

Here are some recalcitrants.

• TV screens. “Wow, how big is that one? It’s a 65”

• Birthweights “he was a big boy! 8lbs 13 oz!”
• Height (especially in the very tall or very short “Collingwood ruckman Mason Cox towers at just under 7 feet” – not 211cm)
• Tyre pressure in PSI pounds per square inch
• Tyre width (man, 18” mag wheels!”
• Wave height, especially when large

• Boat and wind speed in knots
• Rainfall in inches (generally now appended as “3 inches in the old system”
• Altitude (“we’re cruising at 36,000 feet”)
• Aviation relies on feet for altitude, nautical miles for distance, knots for true and relative airspeed. However, Ffuel weight, cargo weight passenger weight is in kilos. Standard descent pattern and timing for arrivals is approx 1000 feet per minute.
• McDonalds quarter pounder

• Penis length (“Mate, I’ve got 12” but I don’t use it as a rule”)
• Female figures (“36, 24, 35” as the Cookies sang in Girls Grow Up Faster than Boys in 1964)
• Sewing pattern instructions
• Burial (six feet, not two metres under)

Australia commenced metrification in 1966, 59 years ago. The Metric Conversion Board was convened by an act of parliament in 1970, and dissolved in 1981, 44 years ago. Only three nations (that law unto itself the USA, and those beacons of progressive everything Myanmar and Liberia) still cling to imperial measures.

Fifty two percent of the Australian population are aged less than 40, and so were born after the formal drive to metrification ended. But the examples above (please notify me of more to add) show holdouts remain stubbornly common.

So why do we cling to these throw-backs? Some seem redolent with a sense that imperial measures carry a more elemental truth when it comes to serious shit talk about monster waves, biblical storms, robotic face-stuffing gluttony when it comes to hamburgers, and man-cave talk about cars, or wow factor in height or apocryphal locker-room penis length.

It’s as if when talk turns to excess, imperial trumps metric. Sewing instructions might just be market research that finds most of those who sew are older. Calories is enveloped in the guilt-ridden discourse about obsessing about weight loss, while joules sounds like all-too-difficult science chatter and seems destined to be the last throwback standing.

I can get my head around a 65” television description, but 165cm doesn’t mean that much while I’m totally comfortable with the meaning of my own height either way (180cm or 5’11”) but  would get the times-up buzzer converting my weight (81kg into imperial: 12 stone 11 pounds). But 99% of most people would surely wince at being asked what a stone, a furlong, or a chain even meant.

Here’s an interesting piece on the history of the long-standing creep of ‘preventative’ into the realm of ‘preventive’

Here’s the 1966 Reserve Bank of Australia’s TV message selling the switch to decimal currency.

And from 1964, Ian ‘Turps” Turpie singing the decimal point song.

New Zealand’s  on-line publication Stuff today published  an agricultural swoosh at Australia’s recently announced new vaping regulations written by Ben Youdan, director of ASH, Action for Smokefree 2025.

If a Martian wanted an explanation of “sophistry”, Youdan’s article would be very useful. Let’s take a look through it, line by line.

Youdan: Vaping is far less harmful than smoking and is helping millions worldwide to quit the deadly habit.

Response: Oh really? Is that why 16 reviews, meta-analyses  and consensus statements published since 2017 about the evidence on vaping in quitting uses language as “inconclusive, insufficient, weak or inadequate” to describe that research? And when it comes to “less harmful” what are we to make of the 2021 words of 15 former presidents of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco who stated “High-quality clinical and epidemiological data on vaping’s health effects are relatively sparse. There are no data on long-term health effects, reflecting the relative novelty of vaping and the rapid evolution of vaping products. Determining even short-term health effects in adults is difficult because most adult vapers are former or current smokers.” (my emphasis)

Youdan: The Australian ban is the worst kind of policy making, and lacks empathy for the 2.2 million Aussie adults who smoke.

Response: Ninety percent of smokers regret ever starting. Large percentages of smokers strongly support tough tobacco control like tax and smoking bans. Most smokers quit without any assistance with a surprising proportion describing it as much easier than expected.  There is now overwhelming evidence that those still smoking are not “hardened” smokers who all need extra help. No parent ever hoped their child would take up smoking or vaping.  Empathy?

Youdan: It will reduce their access to much less harmful alternatives. Especially when good access to alternatives are genuinely helping people, and likely reducing the future death toll of tobacco.

Response: Access to vapes will be available through any of 4,168 pharmacies through a prescription able to be issued by any of Australia’s 31,000 GPs.

Youdan: The bottom line is that this policy will prolong the life of the tobacco industry in Australia and shorten the life of the smoking population that will likely increase. This is not a policy we should adopt.

Response: So if it will prolong the life of the tobacco industry, please explain why it was that every tobacco company attacked the Australian prescription policy and wanted the “consumer” access model you have in Aotearoa/New Zealand? What do they know that you don’t know Ben?

Youdan: In Aotearoa between 2018 and 2021, smoking rates fell by an unprecedented 30%, and an almost unbelievable 40% for wāhine Māori.

The reason for such a large shift was a huge switch to vaping, as addicted smokers ditched cigarettes for good.

Our smoking rates fell below Australia’s for the first time in 2018, and since then the rate at which smoking is declining here is double theirs. It’s the same story for youth smoking.

There is no doubt that this huge impact on adult smoking in Aotearoa has been because people can get vapes where they get cigarettes; vaping is cheaper, better promoted and easier to buy than cigarettes.

Response: It’s obviously great that Aotearoa/New Zealand has seen these declines. But smoking rates in Australia fell faster than in Aotearoa/New Zealand in earlier periods when we often shared similar policies. So simplistic attribution of changes to single policies rather than to the synergistic historic interplay of all policies is tempting but is fraught with problems. Demographic and cultural differences in smoking especially make such comparisons difficult. Is Youdan suggesting that only vaping is responsible? What about Aotearoa/New Zealand having the world’s second most expensive cigarettes?

Here’s a salutary graph from Britain on the same issue.

Youdan: Australia, on the other hand, has just proposed a policy that essentially bans the sale of vapes outside a medical prescription model – but at the same time leaves cigarettes in every petrol station, supermarket, dairy and convenience store.

Could the tobacco industry ask for any better gift than a government-sanctioned monopoly for cigarettes, by far the deadliest nicotine products.

Response: Again, how very odd then that every transnational tobacco company is implacably opposed to Australia’s prescription access scheme. If it was going to be such a gift to them, they would all be cheering it on, surely?

Youdan: For the thousands of Australian vapers who have quit smoking, their access to safer products is about to be cut off, leaving them surrounded only by cigarettes.

Response: Cut off? Just like all other prescribed drugs are cut off to all Australians who in 2020-2021 got 314.6 million scripts filled?

Youdan: It will be a miracle if smoking rates don’t increase In Australia.

People celebrating this pro-smoking policy argue that prescription-only access to vapes works as a safer way to access treatments. This assumes that we live in a fair world and ignores the reality that smoking rates are highest in low-income populations, rural populations and especially in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

These groups are already under-prescribed for existing drugs, and most likely to be failed by the new proposals.

Response: Smoking rates are higher in disadvantaged groups in every nation. We don’t ignore that at all. Indigenous tobacco control leaders in Australia who advocated for the new policies have praised the government’s new plan.

Youdan: In Australia and New Zealand, we are worried about the number of kids taking up vaping, and the Australian government justifies their approach as protecting kids.

Response: Now why would ASH be worried about kids taking up vaping when it argues that kids’ vaping is driving down their smoking and that vaping is near enough as benign as inhaling steam in a shower? Do they think that possible vaping harms occur to the under 18s, but that once you turn 18, our bodies are just fine getting an average 500 point-blank chemical vapour bastings a day, year after year?

Youdan: However, policies of prohibition don’t work. Despite having banned nicotine vapes in Australia since 2021, a recent report has suggested almost 14% of 15-17 year-old Australians vape regularly, the same as New Zealand.

These young vapers are already using illicit products, as they mostly vape nicotine despite it being illegal.

Response: And how has this situation arisen?  If vapes are to be “prohibited” in Australia, then by the same reasoning all prescribed drugs are also prohibited. You know that makes sense. The “ban” since 2021 was gutted by the actions of conservative politicians, egged on by pro-vaping groups and Big Tobacco, by overturning the original ban on vape imports. These groups now regularly talk about Australia’s failed prescription policy when their opposition to it assisted that failure.

Youdan: The vapes they use lack quality standards, or clear provenance. A situation that is already more harmful than in a legitimate vape market like Aotearoa.

Response: This is eerily reminiscent of a card often played by Big Tobacco about smuggled cigarettes: they are much more deadly than our “pure” factory made cigarettes. You know, the ones that kill only 2 in 3 long term users.

Youdan: Australian campaigners have claimed that there is a generation of kids addicted to nicotine in vapes. In which case where will these young people turn to cope when this ban happens? Unlucky for them, Australia’s Government is making sure cigarettes can still be sold everywhere.

Response: Most nicotine addicts don’t need to “turn to” anyone when they finally quit. They quit unaided. Those who really struggle can try prescribed meds … or has ASH NZ now walked away from them?  “Making sure …” Yes that’s why every single tobacco control policy fought and won in Australia since the early 1970s was deeply opposed by Big Tobacco. They just love what Australian governments have done to them across  50 years. But yes, Australian tobacco control agencies are very envious of Aotearoa/New Zealand’s policies of dramatically reducing tobacco access, true nicotine delivery and the eventual phase out of sales. We’d be very happy to copy those policies.

Youdan: As much as we don’t want kids to vape – we really don’t want them to smoke. To date we’ve seen no evidence youth vaping leads to smoking, but the Australian proposals might change that.

Response: There are none so blind as those who will not see. There is huge evidence that kids who vape are much more likely to smoke later, even when well known predictors of propensity to smoke are controlled for in analyses.

Youdan: More people are quitting smoking than ever before in Aotearoa, nudged by progressive anti-smoking policy, and given the availability of vaping as a more accessible and cheaper way to manage nicotine withdrawal.

Our youth vaping rates increased a lot until 2021, when the Government finally put some regulation and rules in place around vaping.

Since then, the rate of increase has slowed, and the number who have tried vaping has even decreased. The problem with New Zealand’s policy is not that it’s too permissive, but that it came too late.

We can reverse the trend, and in 2022 we saw the first decrease in youth vaping recorded in the ASH year 10 survey.

Response: Ben seems to have overlooked this inconvenient bit from ASH’s own report:

“Daily vaping increased a statistically significant amount for Māori participants (19.1% in 2021 to 21.7 in 2022), in particular for Māori girls (21.3% to 25.2%). There were no statistically significant changes in daily vaping rates for other groups when analysed by ethnicity and by ethnicity & gender.” (bolding my emphasis)

If ASH are worried about health inequalities, they should be deeply alarmed by this evidence from their own survey.

Youdan: We need to do more though. ASH urges the government to step up and resource evidence-based approaches around youth education, support to quit vaping, and to help schools battling at the front line with little or no help.

We’d also like to see better enforcement of sales to minors, an increase of the selling age to 21, reduced appeal of vape marketing, and cessation of the rapid rise of disposables.

Response: Oh dear. Ben would know well that terribly concerned statements about children smoking or vaping and calls for more education, crackdowns on selling to minors, and calls for marketing that can magically be seen by adults but not by children are all cynical, fingers-crossed calls from the Big Tobacco and Big Vape advocacy playbooks. These are industries whose long term survival and business models depend on robust uptake of smoking and vaping by kids.

Why not stock vapes in school tuck shops if they are so harmless and wonderful at reducing smoking? Are you not telling us something here Ben?

Youdan: We have decades of experience in drug education and harm reduction with kids, and lessons about what works and what doesn’t.

We need to apply this experience, not follow the Australians swinging wildly in the dark and hoping to hit the target.

Response: Australia has no experience in effective tobacco control? Oh please …

Youdan: It will reduce their access to much less harmful alternatives. Especially when good access to alternatives are genuinely helping people, and likely reducing the future death toll of tobacco.

Response: It will dramatically reduce access to vapes by kids and by “recreational” vapers – many who have never smoked or are smokers who are not trying to quit. Death rates from tobacco caused disease have been dramatically reducing since the 1980s, thanks to the “wild swinging in the dark” Australia and others nations have engaged in.

The bottom line is that this policy will prolong the life of the tobacco industry in Australia and shorten the life of the smoking population that will likely increase. This is not a policy we should adopt.

Response: The tobacco industry is on life support in Australia, with the switch off not far away. All tobacco growing and manufacturing has long gone and long ago the industry described Australia “as one of the darkest markets in the world”. The global tobacco industry is climbing over itself to stop innovations like plain packs that started here. They are now doing the same with prescription vaping access. What should that tell us all?

Imagine the consequences if a huge pharmacy chain, in intense competition with its rivals for the multi-billion dollar prescription drug market was to say “Ahh bugger it, let’s just ignore the need for a prescription and supply prescription-only medicines to anyone asking for anything.” Anyone wanting antibiotics, codeine, statins, steroids, anti-hypertensive drugs … you name it … could walk in, hand over their money and walk out with whatever drugs they wanted.

The reaction would be swift and iron-fisted, as shown here and here in cases where pharmacists were investigated and disciplined over missing scheduled drugs.

Yet this is in effect what has been happening in Australia since Oct 1, 2021, the date when the only local legal access to nicotine vaping products (NVPs) became via a prescription legally needing to be dispensed at pharmacies.  But as is by now blindingly obvious, only a tiny proportion of people who vape – estimates put this at below 4% — are today getting their vapes in this way. The rest are still buying them openly online, from shops brazenly signed with “Vapes sold here” or from many hundreds of market stalls. Corner shops, petrol stations and an army of on-line sellers are openly defying the law.

So how did we get to this point?

On the tenth anniversary of the eve of the introduction of the implementation of plain packs (Nov 30 2022) health and aged care minister Mark Butler held a press conference in parliament house to announce plans to introduce a raft of reforms to Australia’s already stellar tobacco control policies.

Symbolically, the room purposefully chosen was that used by former health minister in the Rudd government, Nicola Roxon, when launching Australia’s pioneering plain packs implementation, since adopted by 28 countries.

Butler was junior health minister to Roxon for two and a half  years. She attended the Nov 30 press conference. The centrepiece of Butler’s announcement focussed on the exponential rise of vaping in children and teenagers. Butler gave credit to his predecessor Greg Hunt in the Morrison government for trying to take bold action on vapes. Hunt announced  that the government was considering a weapons-grade pincer movement that would simultaneously see (1) nicotine vapes continue being only legally available through pharmacies to those issued with a prescription (2) a ban on personal importation of all nicotine vaping products including liquids.

Within days of Hunt’s announcement, a letter signed by 28 LNP backbenchers opposing Hunt’s plan saw it scuppered in the party room. The initiative was led by the coal lobby’s favourite senator Matt Canavan and signatories included luminaries like Hollie Hughes (“[British America Tobacco] They’re a cigarette company. They don’t define themselves as Big Tobacco. They’re a cigarette company and a tobacco company.”), Tim Wilson. Eric Abetz, George Christensen, Alex Antic, Andrew Laming, Bridget McKenzie, James Paterson, Gerrard Rennick, Amanda Stoker, Dave Sharma and Barnaby Joyce.

Many of the 28 are no longer in parliament. And those who are, are political eunuchs unable to block any bill or gut any policy that has support of the Labor government, the Greens and progressive independents.  These 28 are the people who allowed the floodgates to open on vaping in Australia. If your child vaping today, these people collectively bear huge responsibility for making it so much easier for them.

Enter Big Tobacco

Every transnational tobacco company is now heavily invested in vaping in addition to cigarettes. British American Tobacco (Australia) is backing an initiative called Responsible  Vaping Australia, although you will struggle hard to find its name on the RVA website.

The National Party is the only major political party in the parliament which still accepts tobacco industry funding ($55,000 in 2022 from Philip Morris Limited). Many of the 28 signatories who garroted Hunt’s plan were Nationals, but today they are politically neutered and can only fly their tattered flag of gestured support to Philip Morris.

Under threat of resignation, Greg Hunt was allowed to implement the prescription access side of his plan. But without closing the gate on the ability of people to easily access NVPs almost anywhere, the plan was bound to fail. Why bother getting a prescription if you can walk into a convenience store, a petrol station or make a few clicks on Facebook marketplace after searching for “fruit” and get whatever cheap, sickly sweet flavoured, throw-away vapes you want? The Canavan-led backbench revolt was large enough to sink one entire side of Hunt’s plan while leaving the prescription side’s viability with the gaping hole of removing the ban on imports.

Convenience stores: not the problem, the solution!

Today, the vested interests which loathe and despise the prescription scheme are now in full blown panic mode that they are about to lose their lucrative brazen illegal trade.  They have decided their best bet is to appropriate the caring, concerned, faux outraged narrative of how terrible it is that kids can so easily buy vapes from the heinous “black market”; vapes that are dangerous to kids because they might come from seedy bathtub and kitchen sink chemical workshops in China! Not like the nice clean ones from Big Tobacco.

They have tried to characterise the evil black market as those retailers which have been selling illegal vapes, including to kids. They contrast those retailers with legitimate, law-abiding retailers who would no sooner sell vapes to children as sell their grandmothers for pet food. They are now standing in their sanctimonious ill-fitting white knight hats in the front line of reform advocacy which would see any retailer who puts their hand up to be a “licensed vape retailer” able to sell.

Holding loud hailers, they are chorusing “the prescription model has been a huge failure! It’s now time to properly regulate vapes as a legitimate consumer good and let it be sold  … well, everywhere by responsible retailers just like us.”

The sheer, galactic gall in all of this is, of course, that many of these white hats have been openly breaking the law for years. They now want everyone to have massive amnesia about this and see convenience stores as not the problem, but the solution. They have openly broken the law at industrial levels but are now wanting governments to believe that there could be no better candidates for responsible, law-abiding vape retailing than them. We would just never sell to children, they chorus.

Big Tobacco wrote the playbook for all of this. For years it ran massive PR campaigns expressing how terrible it was that some bad apple retailers sold cigarettes to kids. But did it ever hand back all that unwanted profit it earned from underage smoking? Ermm … no. (see case study here)

The retail nirvanas of those wanting open availability of vapes are nations which have declared vapes to be ordinary “consumer goods”  The UK usually stands on the winner’s podium when vaping advocates want to point to the best model for vaping policy. But today its parliament is voting on a bill to ban all flavoured disposable vapes as vaping by kids goes up and up. There’s a similar story in New Zealand.

Legal threat

In February, lawyers acting for the Australian Association of Convenience Stores tried to intimidate me with the threat of legal action because I had the temerity to point out all this in a Melbourne breakfast radio interview. I stated what anyone who’d not been asleep in a cave for five years knows, that a huge number convenience stores and tobacconists openly sell illegal vapes, including those containing nicotine falsely labelled as being nicotine free.

The next day the head of the AACS, Theo Foukarre, was interviewed by James Valentine on ABC Sydney radio. At one point this exchange occurred:

Valentine: Do you or your association get support from tobacco companies?

Foukkare: So, we represent retailers who sell tobacco …. We have over 100 manufacturers, suppliers of which of three [presumably tobacco manufacturers] are members. They just pay a membership fee and that’s it!

Valentine: You don’t receive any extra funding from tobacco suppliers to put this line that you’re putting?

Foukkare: No. We are representing legitimate retailers like 711, Ampol, Caltex, EG, you name it. All of the reputable retailers. We do not represent the interests of the tobacco industry. We do not represent all of the dodgy retailers that are selling these products illegally. [My italics for emphasis]

After the interview I tweeted “Head of Australian Association of Convenience Stores just told @abcsydney James Valentine that they are not supported by tobacco industry. NOT true. https://tobaccotactics.org/wiki/australian-association-of-convenience-stores/

Tobacco Tactics is a highly regarded research project located at the University of Bath, UK. Since 2011, it has provided fully referenced profiles of individuals and bodies around the world which work with the tobacco industry to further its interests. Its page on the AACS was published in 2022 and last updated on Nov 18, 2022.

The Tobacco Tactics link contains details of the history of tobacco industry support of the AACS beyond their payment of membership fees, so was entirely relevant to the italicised sections of the interview above. So it is indeed not true that the only funding support AACS receives from the tobacco industry is their annual membership fees. Foukkare explicitly denied this (“No.”) in the interview when asked and then had his lawyers demand that I delete the tweet and apologise. I of course refused.

Nationals and NSW Greens adopt tobacco industry friendly policy

Being the only political party still taking tobacco industry donations, the dinosaurs in the National Party have predictably adopted a policy that would see “responsible” retailers allowed to sell vapes. Amazingly, the NSW Greens have also adopted a similar policy, thereby lining up with the company shown on the right of the table below.

BATA is currently looking for a head of business communications who will have the duties  shown below. Understandably, tobacco companies have long struggled to attract top quality staff. The NSW Greens would do well to think about how aligned their new policy is with BAT’s objectives.

Mark Butler requested the Therapeutic Goods Administration to consult with the public over options for reform of the prescription access scheme. Their report on this consultation is now with the government. Butler said publicly in late February

“At the end of the day the Commonwealth will have to act, including potentially on the borders. My predecessor Greg Hunt tried to put an important control regulation in place on this but a range of his colleagues in his party room overturned that regulation within a couple of weeks. So, we have to consider controls at the borders, we have to consider health regulations. I know my state and territory colleagues realise there’s going to have to be some policing resources put into this as well because it is just rampant through the community.”

What needs to happen

First, the federal government can quickly and easily declare all nicotine vaping products prohibited imports. This could be done without legislation in the way that this list of prohibited imports is regularly amended. Significantly, tobacco is included on that list unless imported by those licensed to do so such as tobacco companies.

The government should also add non-nicotine vapes to the list on the grounds that they are being widely used a Trojan horse for nicotine vapes to be retailed by nudge-nudge-wink-wink  “I had no idea” retailers. So-called non-nicotine vapes are widely sold with deceptive labelling that they are nicotine free. But many do contain nicotine. The costs involved in widespread testing for nicotine is one factor inhibiting prosecutions by state health departments. This ruse could therefore be easily avoided by declaring all vapes prohibited.

Second, fines for selling illegal vapes are derisory. This is a emphatically state responsibility, which can similarly be rapidly amended. For example In NSW, the maximum penalty for illegally selling NVPs is 6 months in prison and/or  a maximum of $1600. In the 11 quarters from Jan 1, 2020 to Sept 30, 2022 NSW Health seized 220,322 vapes after inspecting retail outlets and completed just 25 successful prosecutions. Fifty two percent of all illegal vapes seized were removed in the three quarters since Jan 1, 2022.

Any retailer offering illegal vapes for sale today has an almost homeopathically small chance of being prosecuted, and if they were, they would wear even the maximum fine knowing it was just an occasional minor irritating cost in making lots of money from openly breaking the law.

But if fines were significantly ramped up to levels that would give major pause to even the largest tobacconist and convenience franchises selling vapes, many smaller operators would hoist the white flag. 

The TGA has fines that are definitely in that ballpark with fines as high as $106,560 having been issued for alleged illegal advertising of vapes. In November 2022, the TGA fined a NSW medical practitioner $2664 for alleged unlawful advertising of a nicotine vaping product on social media. Now, I wonder who that might have been!

Taiwan last week banned vapes and set fines for selling US$330,000 – US$1.65 million. Such fines would see a stampede out of the market by players across all levels.

Today anyone can text any one of a huge number  of on-line suppliers, pay and have vapes delivered or given a pick-up address. Suppliers phone numbers could be traced, the delivery couriers questioned and  bank accounts used to trace those involved. If kids find it childs’ play to buy vapes, Health Department investigators should have little trouble either. Reserve armies of parents and school principals who know who are supplying kids will fast track this information.

It cannot be emphasised enough that both the commonwealth and state governments need to work in concert on all this. If any state is glacial in significantly upping fines and failing to blitz retailers (and publicise these prosecutions) there will be many players who will continue to sell illegally.

Labor governments have nearly always been in the forefront of Australia’s world-renowned tobacco control policies. The Whitlam government introduced the bill to ban direct tobacco advertising in broadcast media that was implemented in 1976. The Rudd and Gillard governments were global pioneers in plain packaging legislation.

Many said these things and other policies like smokefree workplaces, bars, restaurants and airlines were la la land ideas. But they have been normal now for decades in many countries.

If the Albanese government is the first to ensure that a workable prescription access scheme for vapes is allowed to work by declaring vapes a prohibited import, it will again lead the way globally on a path that Greg Hunt conceived but was thwarted. Many countries which are  being flooded with vapes and seeing a new generation of nicotine dependent kids growing by the month, are very interested in what may happen in the next few months.

Other blogs in this series

Vaping theology: 1 The Cancer Council Australia takes huge donations from
cigarette retailers. WordPress  30 Jul, 2020

Vaping theology: 2 Tobacco control advocates help Big Tobacco. WordPress 12 Aug, 2020

Vaping theology: 3 Australia’s prescribed vaping model “privileges” Big Tobacco WordPress Feb 15, 2020

Vaping theology: 4 Many in tobacco control do not support open access to vapes because they are just protecting their jobs. WordPress 27 Feb 2021

Vaping theology: 5 I take money from China and Bloomberg to conduct bogus studies. WordPress 6 Mar, 2021

Vaping theology: 6 There’s nicotine in potatoes and tomatoes so should we restrict or ban them too? WordPress 9 Mar, 2021

Vaping theology: 7 Vaping prohibitionists have been punished, hurt, suffered and damaged by Big Tobacco WordPress 2 Jun, 2021

Vaping theology: 8 I hide behind troll account. WordPress 29 Jun, 2021

Vaping theology: 9 “Won’t somebody please think of the children”. WordPress 6 Sep, 2021

Vaping theology: 10: Almost all young people who vape regularly are already smokers before they tried vaping. WordPress 10 Sep, 2021

Vaping theology: 11 The sky is about to fall in as nicotine vaping starts to require a prescription in Australia. WordPress 28 Sep, 2021

Vaping theology: 12 Nicotine is not very addictive WordPress 3 Jan 2022

Vaping theology 13: Kids who try vaping and then start smoking,would have started smoking regardless. WordPress 20 Jan, 2023

Vaping theology 14: Policies that strictly regulate vaping will drive huge
numbers of vapers back to smoking, causing many deaths. WordPress 13 Feb, 2023

Vaping theology 15: The government’s prescription vape access scheme has failed, so let’s regulate and reward illegal sellers for what they’ve been doing. WordPress 27 Mar 2023

Vaping theology 16: “Humans are not rats, so everybody calm down about nicotine being harmful to teenage brains”. WordPress 13 Jul, 2023

Vaping theology 17: “Vaping advocates need to be civil, polite and respectful” … oh wait. WordPress 3 Oct, 2023

Vaping theology 18: Vaping is a fatally disruptive “Kodak moment” for smoking. WordPress Oct 30, 2023

Vaping theology 19: Vaping explosions are rare and those who mention them are hypocrites. WordPress 17 Nov, 2023

Vaping theology 20 : Today’s smokers are hard core nicotine dependent who’ve tried everything and failed – so they need vapes. WordPress 14 Dec, 2023

Vaping theology 21: Australia’s prescription vapes policy failed and saw rises in underage vaping and smoking. WordPress 10 Jan, 2024

Vaping theology 22: “Prohibition has never worked at any point for any other illicit substance”. WordPress 17 Mar 2024

Vaping theology 23: “84% of the Australian public are opposed to the way the government will regulate vapes” WordPress 2 Apr, 2024

Vaping Theology 24: “Tobacco control advocates are responsible for vape retail store fire bombings and murders. WordPress 27 May, 2024

One of the early milestones in my public health career was -with others – to succeed in having the Rothmans tobacco company banned from continuing to use the comic actor Paul Hogan (later of Crocodile Dundee fame) in Winfield advertising. It had been the biggest and most successful tobacco advertising campaign in Australian commercial history and we ended it overnight.

Because we had no money, the campaign we ran was conducted in the news media. The newsworthiness of what we were attempting was a re-telling of the David and Goliath moral tale. I quickly became a media and political go-to person for tobacco control.

I soon realized that advocacy for policy change and changing the way that health issues were perceived both publicly and politically was accorded very little analysis in research nor training in public health education. I set out to try and upgrade the academic respectability of both.

So in 1991 I established and started teaching what was only the world’s second university course unit in public health advocacy (I believe the first was started at Berkeley in California by Larry Wallack and Lori Dorfman). The unit was offered at the University of Sydney’s School of Public Health in the Masters of Public Health degree. It became immensely popular, with non-degree students flying in over the years from Iceland, UK, Spain, Netherland, New Zealand, USA, Canada, China, Singapore, Indonesia and all round Australia. Since my retirement in 2014, it has been taught by Becky Freeman who has specialised in advocacy and social media.

I published two text books for the course in 1994 and 2006 which are still returning sales royalties. In the 30 years between 1991-2021 I ran advocacy training courses and sessions in 14 countries on all continents but South America.

My course was primarily focused on media advocacy and gave particular emphasis to understanding news values, framing and reframing, news routines and cultures and the importance of strategic planning of media advocacy, rather than just instinctively running at the mouth when an opportunity presented itself. Researchers typically carefully plan and rehearse conference presentations they might give to 100 people in a room. But few plan interview strategy when given an opportunity to speak to sometimes millions on national television, including politicians able to make a needed policy change.

Problem-based learning

Over the years I’ve had many requests for teaching notes on public health advocacy.  Below is an outline of the approach  I took to both teaching and assessment.  I hope you will find it useful in your own teaching and staff development.

After a day of lectures and inspirational talks from public health advocates and journalists, our in-class discussions for a full day of the course were problem-based. I wrote trigger scenarios based on actual or hypothetical “this is happening now” problems. Here are five examples

1. ALCOHOL ADVERTISING AND CONSUMPTION

A glossy booklet is distributed by  a transnational liquor company has to every doctor, politician and mass media outlet in your country. The main message is that alcohol advertising does not influence aggregate (total) demand for alcohol and that restrictions on advertising beyond those which currently exist are unjust and unwarranted. The booklet also details the company’s history of commitment to funding rehabilitation and responsible drinking education programs.

2. FOOD LABELLING DEREGULATION

The new Unit established within the government to examine ways of reducing the effect of regulation on business activity publishes a report that shows that 95% of the population claim never or seldom to read grocery content labels; and that 99% of those sampled could not name any of the food additives corresponding to the numbered system on a randomly chosen set of common grocery items. The report recommends that content and additive labelling be made voluntary, arguing that the present system is an unnecessary and costly burden to industry which serves little purpose.

3. TOBACCO SPONSORSHIP

The Health Minister issues exemptions allowing tobacco sponsorship for an international  women’s golf tournament. The program will feature an internationally renowned golfer, who having had breast cancer, is a prominent advocate for breast screening. She will donate 10% of her winnings to the national breast cancer campaign.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

The local government of a suburb three kilometres from the central business district of your city announces that a deal is to be struck with the state government to use a large, long-disused ugly factory site as a car park linked to the city by a light rail system. The scheme will take 5000 cars out of the city and provide lucrative rental revenue to the local government. The site for the car park is in the middle of a high density, low income residential area. There are no parks or open spaces in a two kilometre radius of the site. A local resident group (which has an active core of about 10 people with another 40 or so who sometimes help out with local projects) wants the site to be turned into a recreation park for local residents.

5. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

A right wing popularist politician is elected to parliament on a platform that includes reviewing the Family Court to investigate why women are awarded child custody far more than men. It will also take evidence from men accused of domestic violence to their partners who believe they have been “set up” and not given a fair hearing in the Family Court. The politician names three leaders of a “men’s action network” who he says should be on the review.

Students would select one such scenario (or write their own) and then work in small groups across the day to answer the following questions, which were then presented and discussed with the full class.

1. WHAT DOES THIS SCENARIO MEAN TO PUBLIC HEALTH? What are the possible adverse consequences for public health that arise from this scenario? (ie: why is it of concern?) THEREFORE, WHAT ARE YOUR PUBLIC HEALTH OBJECTIVES? Define your public health objectives: what do you want to achieve by any advocacy initiatives you might take in response?

• “FRAME” THIS OBJECTIVE AS A SIMPLE COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVE.

• WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL SUB-TEXTS OF YOUR OPPOSITION’S POSITION HERE? What values and strengths do these bring to your opposition’s position (and by implication, what do these suggest about anyone like you who opposes this position?) Think about how this might need to be addressed in your planned strategy.

• DO YOU BELIEVE THAT A MEDIA ADVOCACY STRATEGY WILL BE CRITICAL TO ACHIEVING YOUR PUBLIC HEALTH OBJECTIVE? What changes in public or political awareness and attitudes do you want to achieve via a media advocacy strategy?

• ARE THERE OTHER (NON MEDIA) ADVOCACY STRATEGIES THAT WILL BE IMPORTANT IN MEETING YOUR PUBLIC HEALTH GOALS? List these

• ACCESS & FRAMING STRATEGIES: What creative initiatives are likely to both give you maximum coverage (framing for access) and frame the issue in ways that will advance your goals (framing for content)? Are there any analogies that might be used which will assist in your framing efforts? Brainstorm. Don’t stop at one or two – you can always discard the less brilliant ideas later! Are there IMAGES, METAPHORS, AND “PAINTING A PICTURE” STRATEGIES you can utilise here to good effect?’

• CREATIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY/STRATEGIC RESEARCH: Are there “killer facts”, perspectives and comparisons that you would like to use in your response? Where might you obtain these if you haven’t got them?

• MEDIA BITES: A reporter phones. He/she wants a comment from you about this issue. Frame a “media bite” (about 30 words or 15 seconds) that will advance your goals. If you have time, come up with several.

Assessment

In every year I taught the MPH course, I set the same two choices of assessment questions (below)

1. Collect all press cuttings (try the Factiva database) you can gather or TV or radio tapes on a current public health issue. Analyse the media coverage of this issue for the dominant sub‑textual themes, rhetorical devices and ideologies that make this issue newsworthy. Discuss possible implications of the way this issue has been “framed” for public health policy and practice.

or

2. Select a current public health problem which is being either neglected or adversely framed by the media. Analyse the likely reasons why this subject is attracting the press (or lack of press) it currently suffers. Outline (and argue for) an advocacy strategy designed to re‑frame this issue in such a way that it will attract media and/or political attention more conducive to advancing it in a positive direction vis a vis public health.

Suggested length up to 2000 words (more if you want, but much less than 1500 will probably mean you have prepared a reasonably superficial treatment).  NB: Do not spend more than a couple of paragraphs describing the epidemiology or impact of the problem you select. This essay is NOT about how well you can describe a health problem, but about how well you can understand how it is or is not being depicted in the media as a health issue, and what you might do to change or further this.

I was privileged to read many highly sophisticated papers and over the years to see many course graduates go on to become potent advocates across a wide range of public health issues.

This paper, which highlights 10 cardinal lessons for public health advocates and young researchers, may also be useful.

See also:

Chapman S. Advocacy in public health: roles and challenges. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:6:1226–32

Chapman S. Public health advocacy: a primer. J Epidemiol Comm Health 2004;58:361–5

In 1992, I spoke at what was then the largest conference ever held in Africa on tobacco control. Delegates from 16 nations met in  Harare, Zimbabwe to discuss policies that could reduce tobacco use across the continent.

Zimbabwe’s health minister Dr Timothy Stamps’ talk was met with incredulity when he  commented that Zimbabwe’s huge export earnings from tobacco leaf was not inconsistent with the country’s own efforts to reduce smoking among its own people. Local lung cancer was bad, but OK elsewhere seemed to be the message.

I was reminded of this when reading official Chinese government communiques on its current internal efforts to reduce the appeal of vaping for Chinese citizens and its policies about controlling exports from Chinese vaping manufacturers to nations which have banned or strictly controlled vapes. Unlike Zimbabwe in the early ‘90s, China’s internal and export policies are consistent.

First, some context.

The major source of the tsunami of illegal nicotine vapes flooding Australia is China. The flood is dominated by cheap disposable vapes, hugely attractive to children. They are priced to make them highly accessible to anyone on a low income, including kids. With illegal importers able to buy single vapes providing up to 7000 puffs  in bulk amounts for as low as $1, and on-sell them for $15-30, massive profits can be made. They are mostly brought in by importers willing to buy in large volumes for wholesaling to retailers. But retailers, groups of vapers or individuals are also bringing them in.

Unless an order is placed with a doctor’s prescription, importation of nicotine vapes has been  illegal since October 1, 2021. Bulk imports, even if ordered with a prescription, are clearly illegal. Entering “importing vapes China” shows many ways of doing it.

Those openly importing and selling these illegal vapes reason that the probability of being caught whether via Border Security intercepts or when retailing them online or in any sort of retail outlet is vanishingly small. Many shops advertise on their front windows that they sell vapes and many openly display them on charts showing brands, flavours and puff volumes, with the actual vapes generally stored out of sight.

Data show that in the 11 quarters from Jan 1, 2020 to Sept 30, 2022 NSW Health seized 220,322 vapes after inspecting retail outlets and completed just 25 successful prosecutions. Fifty two percent of all illegal vapes seized were removed in the three quarters since Jan 1, 2022.

Health minister Mark Butler foreshadowed at a Parliament House press conference on Nov 30, 2022 that active consideration is being given to restoring and strengthening his predecessor Greg Hunt’s addition of vapes to the prohibited import list. States will need to lift fines for selling from the derisory maximum of $1600 (in NSW for example) to seriously deterrent amounts in the ballpark of those being handed out by the Therapeutic Goods Administration to those found advertising illegal vapes.

A letter signed by 28 LNP backbenchers opposing Hunt’s plan  scuppered it in the party room. The initiative was led by the coal lobby’s favourite senator Matt Canavan and signatories included luminaries like Hollie Hughes (“[British America Tobacco] They’re a cigarette company. They don’t define themselves as Big Tobacco. They’re a cigarette company and a tobacco company.”), Tim Wilson. Eric Abetz, George Christensen, Alex Antic, Andrew Laming, Bridget McKenzie, James Paterson, Gerrard Rennick, Amanda Stoker, Dave Sharma and Barnaby Joyce.

Many of the 28 are no longer in parliament. And those who are, are political eunuchs unable to block any bill or gut any policy that has support of the Labor government, the Greens and progressive independents, so hopes are high that Labor will continue its historic leadership in tobacco control.

Chinese government policy

In 2021 and 2022 the Chinese government began publishing  details about its emerging policies on vapes. From May 1 ,2022 China’s Tobacco Monopoly Administration prohibited the sale of “flavored e-cigarettes, other than tobacco flavors, and e-cigarettes to which users can add their own atomized substances.”

When it comes to exporting vapes from China, National Law Review summarises it this way:

“China’s Management  Rules for e-cigarettes require that e-cigarette solely for export must comply with the regulations of the destination country; when there is no relevant regulations and standards in the destination country, the product must comply with China’s regulations and standards”.

These local standards are set out here. Here is a site where you can see the names of all vape manufacturing companies operating in China with a government license and therefore subject to the regulations described. Warning 31 pages of them!

So how seriously will China actively police its rules?

I’ve been in China many times in the past 15 years working with colleagues in government and major universities like Fudan and Zhejiang. My scepticism that there might be gaps between what China says it’s doing evaporated fast when seeing how smoking bans on Chinese taxis, buses and trains were very strictly observed. I used the Beijing underground railway many times and saw teeming  millions pf people use it across weeks, but never once saw anyone smoking. This article describes China’s record in tobacco control.

Australian government officials in the health, trade and foreign affairs portfolios should clearly communicate the current illegal status of nicotine vapes in Australia to their Chinese counterparts, noting the positive developments in Chinese law. 

Lijiang, Yunnan province

At 71, I’ve rarely missed an evening meal. Until I was about 20, I had almost no experience with superb cooking, as did most who grew up in the 1950s-60s in Australia. Impoverished student days in the early 1970s were mostly spent eating pasta, stews, sausages and even lean meat offcuts our local butcher sold to greyhound owners (see sordid story at p12 here). But as I moved though the next decades, cooking and eating out became some of the greatest pleasures. Across over 18,000 evening meals and many thousands of lunches across 50 years, here, in no special order, are fourteen I will never forget.

With most, I’ve of course long forgotten exactly what I ate: it was much more about the total experience  — the food, the wine, the setting, the company, and  in the case of a night out in Istanbul (#14 below), what happened very unexpectedly.

Tetsuya’s Rozelle When I met my wife Trish in 1990, my heart melted. She was my 7 year old son Joe’s school teacher and parent-teacher interviews were a challenge for our concentration. I lived near Tetsuya’s first eponymous restaurant in Rozelle, Sydney and took her there not once but twice for their fabled degustation dinner. She’s small, beautiful inside and out and mesmerising. And so were each of the dishes we ate those nights, especially the confit of ocean trout, shown here. Tetsuya has now long been in Kent Street in the city. Here’s his history. It was very expensive then, and hideously so today. So we very rarely eat out at that level. But Tetsuya’s is unforgettable and compulsory in this selection.

M on the Bund ,Shanghai I was a staff-elected fellow of the governing Senate at the University of Sydney for two terms when Marie Bashir was Chancellor. I travelled to Shanghai with a party of senior academics for a graduation ceremony and meetings with Fudan University contacts. One night, a small party of us booked a balcony table with views across and down the Huangpu river. I sat next to Marie and well remember our conversation but little of what we ate other than it was utterly exquisite from start to finish. If you are ever in Shanghai, just go there.

Photo by Darren Nunis on Unsplash

Monoprix, Ledru Rollin, Paris We have a close friend who owns an apartment in Paris, near Bastille. We’ve stayed there twice when she’s back in Sydney. On our second trip, we arrived from the airport mid-morning. I went immediately to a huge Monoprix supermarket across the street and bought for lunch fresh peaches, baguette, porc rillette, an amazing saucisson with peppercorns, Lou Perac sheep’s cheese and a bottle of St Emilion grand cru. All for under 40 euro. You can eat like this all over France. Heaven.

My stewed rabbit in Chianti with porcini

When our three kids were in their early teens, we all flew to Rome, hired a car at the airport and drove for a month up to Paris. In Tuscany we rented a stone cottage from a Mr Botticelli about 10km outside of Poggibonsi. A Dutch couple had an adjacent cottage with the woman sunbathing topless for hours in full view of our captivated adolescent boys.

I drove to the nearest supermarket and found they had lots of skinned rabbit (coniglio). I bought two and using total guesswork without a cookbook or internet reception, seared them in butter, sage and onion, then stewed them in decent Chianti and fresh porcini mushrooms. The entire family, including me, was gobsmacked at the result. It’s been a signature dish in the years since. Three days later we ran into the Dutch couple in a street in Florence and had dinner with them in a restaurant right on the Arno. I ordered fegato (calf liver) with spinach. Unbelievably wonderful after a childhood of dry, overcooked liver.

Reykjavik, Iceland

I went to Iceland in 2003 to give some talks to local health workers. My host, Thor, was a prolific Icelandic author, a former member of the Icelandic football team, my counterpart in the Department of Health and an Icelandic god. He took me to a restaurant and I asked him to order for me. Here’s an excerpt from a travel short story I wrote (see p86).

“At lunch the next day, after I’d given a couple of talks to researchers and health department people, Thor asked me what I’d like to eat. “What you eat in Iceland” I told him. “Something local”, imagining herring pickled or cooked in an Icelandic way or smoked local meats preserved for the long winters. He took me to a small restaurant with a view over the sea and ordered several dishes while we talked about our lives and families. The first dish arrived. It was a small spread of thin strips of a dark meat, cooked in a light vinegary sauce, a little thicker than a carpaccio cut. It was as tender a flesh as I’d ever eaten. “So what is it?” he played with me. I guessed it might have been a prime cut of reindeer backstrap or fillet. No. Perhaps the dark meat of a local goose? No.

It was …. wait for this … puffin, those impossibly cute, small gull-like seabirds with their beautiful half-moon red and black striped beaks and wise little eyes. I’d assumed that they would be protected and that people would all recoil from killing and eating them because of their iconic beauty and cuteness. Well not at all, sunshines. It turned out they are commonly eaten in Iceland and on restaurant menus, listed as lundi, all over the country.

A few dishes later, a decent-sized steak arrived. It was as succulent as I’d ever tasted and assumed it must have been prime local beef. But no. It was whale. I thought Iceland might have been a signatory to some global treaty against whaling as I knew it had progressive social and environmental policies. Thor confirmed this, explaining that entrepreneurs anticipating the ban had stored tonnes of whale meat in refrigerated containers which were being very slowly consumed in the years since, as we had just done. If ever I’d experienced true, deep ambivalence, this was the moment.”

Hotel Windsor, Lake Toya, Hokkaido Japan

In September 2009, I went to Sapporo to give the opening address to the all-Japan conference on tobacco control. The entire meeting was in Japanese, with me being translated. I was keen to get back to Tokyo when my talk ended as I would understand little of what other speakers would be talking about. But the woman appointed by the conference to help me around, quietly advised that this would cause considerable offence and that the conference head, a leading surgeon, planned to show me the sights of Hokkaido. I decided I should stay.

And well I did. We travelled to the north west of the Island by train and were then driven from the station to the most luxurious hotel I could ever imagine, let alone stay in: The Windsor. It had hosted the 34^th G8 meeting in 2008 and overlooked the volcanic Lake Toya through silent autumn mists. A Russian string quartet played discretely in the lobby throughout the day. On its top floor, there was a Michelin 3 star French restaurant to which the surgeon invited me and a Seventh Day Adventist from Tasmania who had also been at the conference, along with our interpreter.

The Adventist of course didn’t smoke. But neither did he drink alcohol, eat meat or drink tea or coffee, poor fellow. While we moved from a stunning Pouilly-Fuisse to a grand cru Haut Medoc, he sipped water. My wagyu steak was beyond words. The Adventist’s salad and mushrooms looked pretty good too.

Photo credit: Wotif

Margot Jervies, next door

We’ve lived next to a couple for over 20 years, Margot Jervies and Wayne Wilkinson. The day they bought the house, I quietly asked the real estate agent who our new neighbours would be. “Oh a lovely couple! He’s an engineer and she works for British American Tobacco!” This will be interesting, I thought.

Things were polite and chatty for many years and then began to rapidly thaw after we both retired. You could not wish for better neighbours. Margot won an ABC radio cooking quiz about 10 years ago. We often could smell her dreamy cooking in our garden. When I later saw a whole room in their house with cookbooks from floor to ceiling on every wall, I knew that here was a very serious cook. And then the texts commenced “I’ve just made a big batch of passata [or duck confit, or rillette, or gravlax or baba ganoush &c], if you come to the back gate I’ve put some in a box for you”

There is nothing … nothing  Margot cannot cook that doesn’t leap into pole position for the “best I’ve ever had of that” prize.

When COVID first hit in 2020, the isolation was truly dispiriting. I hit on the idea that a few neighbours might meet in the back lane on late Sunday afternoon when we took out the bins. We would dress up fully for the nostalgia of fine dining, using our wheelie bins as tables to rest a few bottles of wine and bring a few horses’ doovers to share. All at strict distancing.

Wayne & Margot, sommelier & chef extraordinaire

Margot and Wayne took this to the next level when COVID restrictions changed to allow small numbers to come to houses. They put on  four hour plus le grand bouffe meals for a few of us. Margot’s food brough gasps from all around the table and Wayne, a very serious wine collector, always shares wonderful wines.

They’ve just been away for seven weeks. We’ve been counting the days.

Trish Kirby’s famous chicken and leek pie

Trish has always loved cooking and people who come here swoon at what she can do, especially with cakes. Our family often does a roundtable where we say “if you were going to have your last meal cooked by Trish, what would it be?” The unanimous verdict, across three generations, is always her chicken and leek pie.

A long-time close friend in Newtown had been nursing her aged mother at home for several weeks who was dying from breast cancer.  Trish baked a large pie and took it down for respite eating for our exhausted friend and her partner. 

The friend phoned the next day and said “you’ll never guess. Mum hadn’t eaten a thing in many days. But when she smelled your chicken and leek pie she asked for some and ate the lot!”

Her mother died the next day.

Kazkazuri, San Sebastian

In September 2016, I’d been running an advocacy course for four days at an old quarantine station on Menorca, in Spain’s Balearic Islands. When it was over we flew to Basque country to revisit San Sebastian where I’d last stayed in a decrepit dormitory hostel  in 1972. On a rainy Friday night we threw a dart at the list of the many restaurant recommendations friends and locals had given us. We chose the Kazkauri on the waterfront. It said 25 euro a head for three courses. Yeah, sure. Unlike the chaos of pintxos bars, this one had a sober, rather sterile interior, white napkins and obsequious waiters. And yes, the menu said 25 euro, including wine, water, bread, coffee.

We expected mediocre food and rubbish wine. Trish asked for the blanco, me the tinto, expecting a glass each. But two full bottles of very good white and  red arrived, crianza vintage. We then commenced a near-perfect three courses, both starting with stewed cod in rice. I moved to Iberian pork in a sherry sauce and señora chose roast duck. The dessert was an astonishing coconut pudding with chocolate, which was west of heaven.

Trish’s stewed cod in rice, Kazkazuri, San Sebastian, Spain

Pippi spaghetti

When our three kids were little, we’d go most years for a week or two down the south coast of NSW in months when you could swim in warm water. We loved the vast uncrowded beaches, dolphins and (once upon a time, long ago) cheap oysters. We went to Manyana, Culburra, Geroa and Bendalong, sometimes with other families.

Most afternoons, all of us would go down to the beach with a bucket looking for pippis, the common surf clam mainly used by fishers for bait. To find them, low tide is best particularly at tidal estuaries where the shellfish feed on micro organisms that wash down rivers and out to sea. Tell tale signs of  good spots include seeing them being rolled in the sand by the waves and quick strikes when you twist, Chubby Checker style, in the sand reaching down for them when you feel them underfoot.

Pippis are a wonderful but under-rated alterative for vongole, a seafood staple in Italian restaurants in pasta dishes. We’d try and get about half a bucket full to allow enough to feed our daily group of five. Once home, you put the live pippis in fresh water, which is supposed to cause them to spit out any sand.  This was never successful, so the served product was always a little gritty causing variable protests from the more Princess-and-the-pea members of the family.

You cook them up in white wine, with a base of garlic, lemon and olive oil, or a standard tomato base. A big bowl goes in the centre of the table for the spent shells.

This meal is imprinted in the childhood memories of all our kids, as well as two grandchildren. The photo shows Florence, aged about seven, jubilant at finding lots of shells after being knocked over fully clothed by a wave seconds after starting.

There’s something wonderful about collecting the food you want to eat and seeing everyone enjoy it so much.

Rhodes harbour café  In the 1980s one summer I stayed a few nights on a friend’s modest yacht in Rhodes harbour, once overlooked by the Colossos of Rhodes, the largest statue in the ancient world until it fell into the harbour in an earthquake in 226 BC. We talked and drank with other yachties till about 11pm and then decided it was time to eat. A small harbourside café produced bottles of the local white wine to go with plates of fried marida (whitebait) and the sweet barbouni (red mullet) with lemon. Still hungry, the only food left was BBQ’d quails, so a plate of them with ouzo was produced. We got back to the boat about 2am and slept till midday

Photo by Alexander Serzhantov on Unsplash

Ristorante Vecchia Urbino, Marche, Italy

Kenneth Clarke’s Civilisation TV series has been etched into my memory for years, especially the episode on Raphael who painted at Urbino in Italy’s Marche region in the northeast. So on a trip to Italy, we looped from Umbria to Urbino, then on to Bologna, Parma and Milan. The one night we planned to stay in Urbino took us to a potluck choice of a restaurant a few streets off the main drag through the small town.

There was a central table covered in a huge selection of top drawer antipasto. Our waiter asked us for our wine selection. We’d had a superb glass of a local white, verdicchio, at lunch. Trish was very keen to have it again. I like both red and white, but prefer red. The waiter gave me an understanding look but brought the verdicchio.

When he bought our mains, mine was a glorious bistecca. He put it in front of me and returned with a steak knife and a huge glass of red. I said “oh, sorry I didn’t order that”. He replied “I know that you like red wine, so please have this one with our compliments.” He’d also brought us about five small bowls with different olive oil in them to soak with bread, all gratis.

And at the end of the meal, when we thought we’d need a forklift to get us out of our seats and declined dessert, he insisted and brought those as well, also gratis with several dessert wines.

The entire meal was perfect in every way and we drove the next today to Bologna feeling that we had been blessed to have lucked that choice and that we might not eat such a meal again for a very long time.

Ten minutes from the end of the 170km trip down the autostrada to Bologna, Trish asked me for my passport to get ready for the hotel registration. Ahh. I’d forgotten to collect it from reception at the Urbino hotel. Like groundhog day, we turned the car around, drove back to the hotel, booked in again and ate again that night at the perfect restaurant. Some shine was missing the second time, but still 9 out of 10.

Linda’s on King, Newtown

I’d walked past this small restaurant many times but never noticed it. It’s on lower King St – the St Peters end —  and right next to the European Grill, a Macedonian grill which is a carnivore’s eating orgy temple. Linda’s had been recommended by Newtown friends. I’d never even heard of it. But after our first meal there, I knew I would be a regular.

Linda cooks and her partner does all the front of house. The food is French. Well, modern French I guess. You can bring your own wine (although their list has some very good selections at reasonable markups). The last time I ate there I had a superb home made pork terrine of very generous proportions, followed by a perfectly cooked eye fillet steak with bearnaise sauce and perfect fritte, then a perfect vanilla pannacotta, mango sorbet, lychee granita and macadamia praline. Perfect, perfect. Sorry, but there was no other word for it all.  Here’s the current menu. Astonishing value.

Istanbul. The mesmerising item not on the menu

I leave the most unforgettable to last. It happened in Istanbul’s Taksim district one evening in 2014 when, as a wonderful Turkish meal got into full swing, something happened that took the attention of every diner in the restaurant. Full details here.

This meme has long been in the very top drawer of many vaping cultists. It proposes that any policy short of allowing nicotine vaping products to be openly sold and promoted without any regulatory encumbrance whatsoever will see untold thousands of vapers switch back permanently to smoking. Unlike vaping they say, this will kill many of them from smoking-caused diseases.

That last claim rests entirely on an assumption that the long term health consequences of  deeply inhaling 570 times a day (208,193 times a year) an unregulated cocktail of nicotine, propylene glycol and any number of thousands of unapproved for inhalation flavouring chemicals will be all but benign. Fifteen former presidents of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco stated in 2021 “High-quality clinical and epidemiological data on vaping’s health effects are relatively sparse. There are no data on long-term health effects, reflecting the relative novelty of vaping and the rapid evolution of vaping products. Determining even short-term health effects in adults is difficult because most adult vapers are former or current smokers.” [my emphases]

If the government and the Therapeutic Goods Administration proceed with their preferred options and make nicotine vapes a prohibited import (unless destined for the prescription-only pharmacy access route), vaping advocacy hysterics forecast a migration back to  smoking that would make the annual African wildebeest migration look like a geriatric dawdle.

Instead of  doing what Australians do 314 million times a year when they need a prescription-only drug, nearly all vapers will “go back to smoking”. “Bwahhhh! We want flavoured nicotine!” they’ll scream, all forgetting for the moment that the cigarettes they will allegedly stampede back to are also nearly all unflavoured too.

But there’s another little problem with this forecast In Australia, in 2019, 53% of e-cigarette users were also smokers (“dual users”), 31% were past smokers and 16% had never smoked.

So most vapers also still smoke or never smoked. Do you see the wee problem here: how can someone who is still smoking be driven to smoke?

Among people aged 18-24 (where we see by far the highest vaping prevalence), half of all current e-cigarette users had never smoked. They are not vaping to quit cigarettes because they never smoked. Vaping theologists implacably repudiate the gateway hypothesis that vaping can lead to smoking, so presumably none of them are going to publicly argue that never-smokers who vape will start smoking.  

So combined, we have 69% of vapers who can’t migrate back to smoking because they are already smoking or never smoked.

More  recent national data available (2020-21) show the same picture. By far the largest group of people who have vaped in Australia are those who “formerly” tried vaping (1.428m) compared to those who currently vape  (442,800 – which includes a majority who also smoke). And all this returning to smoking happened before the prescribed access policy was even introduced.

The main driver of the government’s proposed plan to restrict vaping access to those with a prescription is the out-of-control rise in teenage addiction to nicotine vapes, regularly belittled by vaping theologians as no big deal and mocked with “won’t somebody please think of the children” self-absorbed me-me-me values.

The UK, a nirvana for our local vape advocates, is now desperately struggling with an unprecedented spike in vaping by kids and has a bill in parliament like Australia to ban disposable, flavoured vapes.

Mark Butler and the TGA’s reforms could not come at a more critical time.

Other blogs in this series

Vaping theology: 1 The Cancer Council Australia takes huge donations from
cigarette retailers. WordPress  30 Jul, 2020

Vaping theology: 2 Tobacco control advocates help Big Tobacco. WordPress 12 Aug, 2020

Vaping theology: 3 Australia’s prescribed vaping model “privileges” Big Tobacco WordPress Feb 15, 2020

Vaping theology: 4 Many in tobacco control do not support open access to vapes because they are just protecting their jobs. WordPress 27 Feb 2021

Vaping theology: 5 I take money from China and Bloomberg to conduct bogus studies. WordPress 6 Mar, 2021

Vaping theology: 6 There’s nicotine in potatoes and tomatoes so should we restrict or ban them too? WordPress 9 Mar, 2021

Vaping theology: 7 Vaping prohibitionists have been punished, hurt, suffered and damaged by Big Tobacco WordPress 2 Jun, 2021

Vaping theology: 8 I hide behind troll account. WordPress 29 Jun, 2021

Vaping theology: 9 “Won’t somebody please think of the children”. WordPress 6 Sep, 2021

Vaping theology: 10: Almost all young people who vape regularly are already smokers before they tried vaping. WordPress 10 Sep, 2021

Vaping theology: 11 The sky is about to fall in as nicotine vaping starts to require a prescription in Australia. WordPress 28 Sep, 2021

Vaping theology: 12 Nicotine is not very addictive WordPress 3 Jan 2022

Vaping theology 13: Kids who try vaping and then start smoking,would have started smoking regardless. WordPress 20 Jan, 2023

Vaping theology 14: Policies that strictly regulate vaping will drive huge
numbers of vapers back to smoking, causing many deaths. WordPress 13 Feb, 2023

Vaping theology 15: The government’s prescription vape access scheme has failed, so let’s regulate and reward illegal sellers for what they’ve been doing. WordPress 27 Mar 2023

Vaping theology 16: “Humans are not rats, so everybody calm down about nicotine being harmful to teenage brains”. WordPress 13 Jul, 2023

Vaping theology 17: “Vaping advocates need to be civil, polite and respectful” … oh wait. WordPress 3 Oct, 2023

Vaping theology 18: Vaping is a fatally disruptive “Kodak moment” for smoking. WordPress Oct 30, 2023

Vaping theology 19: Vaping explosions are rare and those who mention them are hypocrites. WordPress 17 Nov, 2023

Vaping theology 20 : Today’s smokers are hard core nicotine dependent who’ve tried everything and failed – so they need vapes. WordPress 14 Dec, 2023

Vaping theology 21: Australia’s prescription vapes policy failed and saw rises in underage vaping and smoking. WordPress 10 Jan, 2024

Vaping theology 22: “Prohibition has never worked at any point for any other illicit substance”. WordPress 17 Mar 2024

Vaping theology 23: “84% of the Australian public are opposed to the way the government will regulate vapes” WordPress 2 Apr, 2024

Vaping Theology 24: “Tobacco control advocates are responsible for vape retail store fire bombings and murders. WordPress 27 May, 2024

In the early 1970s, I lived for a year in Surry Hills. My then wife Annie and I were undergraduate students. I worked in the Wynyard Travelodge on weekends as a carpark attendant (see short story here at page 20) and Annie did secretarial work. We were so broke that we would go to Paddy’s market in the Haymarket just before closing time where you could buy the dregs of unsold fruit and vegetables for next to nothing.

Annie loved searching opportunity shops for cheap crockery and bric-à-brac. There was one in Albion Street near where we lived that she would frequent.

One day she arrived home with an ancient little book that someone many years ago had pasted over with now long-faded white paper. She’d bought it for 20 cents. To our amazement, it was an 1842 book by Caroline Chisholm, Australia’s first advocate for humanitarian rights for immigrants, especially young women, titled Female Immigration, Considered in a Brief Account of the Sydney Immigrants’ Home. 

A friend, the late Gary Simes, was an English scholar and bibliophile. He suggested we take the book to a man who was said to know more about rare books than anyone else in Sydney. I’m pretty sure he worked out of an office crowded with books in an old building in Foveaux St near central railway. I’d value his name from anyone who may recall him.

I took it down without an appointment and passed it to him across his large crowded desk. He immediately knew what it was I’d handed him and became quite excited. He looked it up in a giant catalogue of rare books and listed off libraries in Australian and overseas which had a copy. I think he said there were something like five known copies.

“What do you plan to do with this” he asked. “You know it would be worth a lot of money to a collector”. He mentioned several well-endowed US libraries that might pay something like $5000. In the early 1970s this was an unthinkably large amount of money.

He said repeatedly that he hoped we would do our best to keep it in Australia. I had no hesitation in agreeing.

After discussing it with Annie, we took it to the University of Sydney’s Fisher Library and asked what they might be able to pay us. They offered $300 which we accepted in a blink. I think we might have had a slap-up Greek dinner at the fabled Diethnes in Pitt Street that night with a bottle of white demestica, an under-rated retsina sadly no longer available.

A few years ago I was walking past the rare books section in the Fisher building and on a whim went to the desk and asked if I might see the book. It was brought out to a reading desk in full view of the staff. I had to put on thin white gloves to browse the book. I took a few photos, including those above and this one showing the price of a pound of tobacco in 1842: three times the cost of a pound of sugar!

You can read the digitised book here